UK Taxation System

In 2008-2009 absolute UK government receipts have been 37.3% of UK GDP. This is as same as around  £ 10,900 for each grown-up or  £ 8,900 for every individual in the UK. The huge wellsprings of income for the administration are Income Tax, National Insurance commitments and VAT (Stuart and James, 2009).Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on UK Taxation System explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Tax System Income Tax-The main types of available pay are the profit which originate from work, organizations, pay from independent work, benefits, salary from property, bank and building society premium and profits on shares (Stuart and James, 2009). Annual expense performs based on an arrangement of recompenses and groups of pay. Everybody has an individual remittance that is deducted from all out pay for demonstrating available pay. Available salary relies on various assessment rates that are upheld by the band wherein it falls. The addition in gr oups and recompenses begins in April which is charge year in legal indexation arrangements. This augmentation is pronounced at the hour of the yearly spending plan. Personal assessment is generally deducted through the PAYE framework. The UK Income charge framework is total where complete duty which is payable for a specific monetary year is determined based on the absolute salary of that specific budgetary year. The total framework passes on that there is no limit of year change in accordance with the expense paid sum. Kid charge credit (CTC) doesn't require any business status. It is intended for both unemployed families and lower paid working guardians. Working duty credit (WTC) is invaluable for working grown-ups with and without youngsters (Stuart and James, 2009). National Insurance Contributions: NICs fills in as duty on profit. For all intents and purposes commitments paid and benefits got don't have solid connection with one another for every patron. For 2008-2009 a few com mitments are given to the National Health Service and the rest are paid into the National Insurance (NI) Fund (Stuart and James, 2009). Case Law on the UK Taxation System The UK tax collection framework has an immediate association with the residence status of a person, which has expansive ramifications on the budgetary and administrative framework. The law of habitation and the UK tax collection are two separate ideas, yet when the law of house is applied onto UK tax assessment, at that point it achieves a social distinction by uncovering the taxation rates of two unique people with indistinguishable earnings from similar sources simply on the grounds of national inception while one individual pays less expense it is viewed as a social bit of leeway, while it is inaccessible to the next individual (Richard, 2007). HM Revenue and Customs is a functioning group of law, and includes in a circuitous and unexpected way through the procedure by deciding a person’s house status, wh ich means that segregation has its beginnings from an open position. Those experiencing segregation are those inside the United Kingdom who represent practically 88% of the 60 million occupant UK populace. The instance of illicit segregation offers ascend to two clashing results viz (Richard, 2007). The individuals who are UK domiciled must be burdened in a similar way as the individuals who are not domiciled in the UK. Non-domiciled people must be burdened along these lines as the individuals who are domiciled in the UK. In both of the above circumstances, it is viewed as unlawful to burden an individual regardless of one’s national starting point, since it contradicts the Race Relations Act 1976 (Richard, 2007, Para 6).Advertising Looking for exposition on law? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Domicile is the most significant determinant in the tax assessment arrangement of United Kingdom, and consequently it is imp erative to comprehend the way of an individual’s charge treatment on annual duty (otherwise called PAYE), capital additions expense and legacy charge in the United Kingdom. Burdening an individual relies upon three sorts of private status accessible with the individual e.g., living arrangement in the UK, common home in the UK, and residence (Richard, 2007, Para 9). The case law looks to clarify the idea and use of residence to the relationship of HMRC with the Taxation framework. The case law additionally looks to clarify the assurance of a person’s habitation concerning both of the two conditions: on application or on accommodation of an assessment form (Richard, 2007). Extra-Statutory Concessions An Extra-legal concession is a sort of unwinding for citizens that diminishes charge risk to which they would not be unlimited as indicated by the severe apparent aim of the law. Most concessions depend on managing what are, in general, minor or passing abnormalities that is as per enactment. It meets with troublesome cases at the edges of the code where it is difficult to build up a legal cure (Extra-legal concessions, 2009, p. 2). The concessions go under a general application however in some particular cases, some unique conditions will be mulled over to chip away at the use of concession. Such sort of case will never be thought about where charge evasion is being done (Extra-legal concessions, 2009, p. 2). Concessions appropriate to Individuals: Traveling costs of Directors and Employees who are procuring  £ at least 8500 every year (Extra-legal concessions, 2009, p. 20). On the off chance that a worker gets an Overseas Retirement Benefits Scheme or an Overseas Provident Fund, annual expense won't be charged on those singular amount benefits (Extra-legal concessions, 2009, p. 21). Twofold Taxation Relief: Where support installments are done under a United Kingdom court request, the pay originates from a United Kingdom source. The credit help is g iven where (Extra-legal concessions, 2009, p. 23):Advertising We will compose a custom article test on UK Taxation System explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The individual who was making the installment has left the United Kingdom and become the occupant of another nation. The installments are made out of the person’s pay in the nation of his living arrangement and is at risk to pay charge there The individual is the occupant of the United Kingdom and is the payee of the abroad assessment (Extra-legal concessions, 2009, p. 23). Passing of Tax Payer before due date for installment of assessment if a citizen bites the dust before his expense installment due date and his agents can't pay the obligation, the due date will be later of (Extra-legal concessions, 2009, p. 25): The typical due date Thirty days from award of organization Statements of Practice It explains the Inland Revenues Interpretation of Legislation. It additionally clarifies the technique with which the Department executes the law by and by. They don't impact a duty payer’s directly in which he can contend for an alternate understanding when it is required to interest the General or Special Commissioners. The accompanying Statements of Practice (SPs) has a minor concessionary component (Extra-legal concessions, 2009, p. 19): SP A34: Relief for premium installments: advances for buy or acquired properties SPD1: Part removals of land SP4/79: Life Insurance premium help on Children’s arrangements SP10/84: Foreign financial balances Statute of the UK Taxation framework Taxation is the most significant and direct wellspring of pay for any legislature. It is the national obligation of each resident and organization to pay their charges that guarantee the advancement of foundation, help set down government assistance arrangements of the administration, and so forth. Throughout the years, the arrangement of tax collection has experienced numerous adjustments so as to improve but then tackle the difficulties of control so as to keep up a sound financial framework (HM Revenue Customs A Code of Practice on Taxation for Banks, 2009).Advertising Searching for paper on law? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More The job and noteworthiness delighted in by banks is unmatched in its commitment to the tax collection framework, and subsequently set the best expectations of corporate administration (HM Revenue Customs A Code of Practice on Taxation for Banks, 2009). The striking highlights of the code on UK Taxation framework are as per the following: It involves worry that in the ongoing past, defects and vulnerabilities have been uncovered because of advances in the field of innovation, and thus the London culmination of G20 pioneers proposed a few measures on universal financial management (HM Revenue Customs A Code of Practice on Taxation for Banks, 2009, Page 6) to engage and empower the legislatures to rapidly take a shot at connecting every single imaginable escape clause the administrative framework (HM Revenue Customs A Code of Practice on Taxation for Banks, 2009). In the United Kingdom, this type of strengthening is occurring through the rule or likewise alluded to as ‘The Code of Practice on Taxation for Banks’, and the administration of UK anticipates that its residents and organizations should agree to the Act in a mindful way. The recommendation of this Act really draws out its points of interest in the accompanying manners (HM Revenue Customs A Code of Practice on Taxation for Banks, 2009): Banks can eliminate their expense liabilities-be it recuperation of VAT caused on exchanges, limiting on annual assessment and national protection commitments. Give monetary help to clients Having access to an enormous pool of assets The rule weights on two subjects because of government’s encouraging act between huge organizations and HMRC. The 2 key advantages are: straightforwardness and predominant administration. The rule is the source through which enormous organizations are required to think of a hazard structure on so as to go along and help fabricate a vigorous budgetary framework in a strong relationship with banks. Furthermore, the code or th e resolution likewise empha

Human Trafficking †Sexual Slavery Free Essays

In all actuality, in any case, that few out of every odd human dealing case is pulled from a Lima Nesses film; any sexual undertaking including outside workers and underage young ladies whether or not or not it is willful is viewed as human dealing (Baker, 2). So as to free the universe of this disgusting, harming enterprise that straightforwardly clashes with the ethical standards of opportunity and self-esteem, we should focus on spreading mindfulness, annihilating aggressive behavior at home and idealizing the law requirement framework. Synopsis If you were to meet Syrupy Chain, ;a tubby cheeked multi year-old with an irresistible giggle (Pasta,l)†, you could never figure that she had to engage in sexual relations with several men before the age of 10. We will compose a custom article test on Human Trafficking †Sexual Slavery or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now At Just seven years of age, Chain was sold Into a Cambodia massage parlor, where she and many other pre-pubescent young ladies were constrained o have intercourse with in any event 20 men every day (Nair) Syrupy was a survivor of sexual bondage, similar to an expected 12 million others around the world. The matter of purchasing and selling people is a 32 billion dollar worldwide endeavor, and regardless of being unlawful in for all intents and purposes each nation, twenty-7,000,000 individuals are oppressed around the world (Pasta, 3). Bondage, particularly sexual subjection, deflects common connections, empowers the typification of ladies, keeps development from destitution and Isn’t vital for a country’s budgetary or social endurance. Sexual servitude has Its foundations in family brutality, power introduction and money related urgency. In spite of the fact that numerous nations, for example, Thailand, the informal youngster sex capital, are endeavoring to get serious about the sex exchange, ineffectual law authorization, budgetary motivators (the sex the travel industry makes millions per year in Cambodia alone) and absence of inspiration keeps the business from ceasing to exist all together (McClellan, 2). From China and Cambodia to Mexico, Sweden and our own one of a kind United States, the Sex Trafficking Industry Is quickly heightening, turning into a significant underground endeavor that crosses social limits and emphasizes age-old sexual orientation battles. Despite the fact that human dealing in the United States is an uncontrollably disregarded and no-no subject, 14,500-17,500 individuals are dealt into the US every year and a great many young ladies and young men are seized or forced Into various types of servitude every year (Baker, 2). The CIA assesses that 30,000-50,000 of these dealing casualties are sex slaves (Landsman, 2) and the MGM, the Negotiation and Conflict Management Group, expresses that 100,000 kids US youngsters are survivors of commercialese sex abuse every year (Baker, 2). A significant number of these undermined youngsters are casualties of local maltreatment, experiencing childhood in broken homes and relying upon pimps as father floods. Pimps capture such little youngsters by picking up their trust, providing the adoration that was destitute at home and using the girl’s recently discovered reliance to control r Nine common age AT a sex following volt Is plunging; In ten past most young ladies were in their late teenagers or early ass’s, however now the normal young lady is from 12 to 14 years of age (Landsman, 6). The life of a US prostitute is uncontrollably perilous and unsafe to the advancement of under-matured young ladies; the casualties are gotten through arduous mental and physical maltreatment by their monetarily inspired pimps, the ongoing interest for fierce ND forceful sex making the occupation become more harming than any time in recent memory (Landsman, 6). Intermittently, if these young ladies break and come back to their families, they aren’t acknowledged go into their networks and the young ladies come back to the main home they know †their pimp. In any event, when offered assistance by associations, for example, GEMS (Girls Education and Mentoring Service), numerous casualties slip once more into â€Å"the life† because of their absence of certainty and reliance on their pimp. Since they were constrained into the business at such a youthful age, it’s their solitary method of supporting themselves (Very Young Girls). Every single one of these variables forestalls American sex slaves from ascending to a decent life that benefits society and demonstrates that harming impacts of the US sex industry. While American dealing isn't also exposed as its remote partners, the whole venture uncovers profound established issues, for example, aggressive behavior at home and neediness that disallow wrecking the sex business. Sex bondage is uncontrolled in Asian nations, for example, Thailand and Cambodia, bringing about the sexual adventure of underage young ladies and obligation arranged detainment. Prostitution makes up 59-60% of Thailand government spending plan every year (McClellan, 1), while there Asian nations have numbers in comparable extents. Despite the fact that dealing laws are set up all through the cotangent, the neediness and money related edginess of nearby specialists hinders the counteraction of such issues (McClellan, 4). In contrast to America, Asian pimps and massage parlor proprietors once in a while bait young ladies into their ventures utilizing appeal or love, yet rather go after penniless guardians by extending Employment opportunities in the city, a superior life or at times Just a decent arrangement (Luggage, 2). There are whores in Cambodia and 35% are minors (Landsman, 4). Young men and young ladies as youthful as babies are sold into sex bondage, where they are kept in miniscule, prison like rooms with remises of opportunity toward the finishing of their agreement. Youngsters are as a rule compelled to engage in sexual relations many times each day with outsiders, consumed, cut and mishandled at the scarcest notice of dissent (Landsman, 4). Asian nations place an amazingly high incentive on virginity, accepting that intercourse with a virgin sustains youth and recuperates clinical afflictions (Luggage, 3). Shockingly, this outcomes in Sais’s title as the kid sex capital of the world.. The future of a whore in Cambodia is around twenty-eight, while 20% of the young ladies are HIVE positive, a measurement that can't be reified since most of sex laborers never get a blood test (McClellan, 4). The whores, both youngster and grown-up, are only items; they are universal to such an extent that they have gotten expendable and frequently murdered when they stop to be helpful (McClellan, 2). Because of this, Asia has tremendous sexual orientation uneven characters, absence of money related open doors for half of its kin and minimal possibility of ascending from third-world status. From pedophilia to disgusting conditions and total servitude, the Asian sex subjection framework is one of the most hazardous and destructive around the world. Despite the fact that the Cambodia and Thai sex industry are all around broadcasted as far as houses of ill-repute ND nearby men, sex the travel industry, â€Å"tourism sorted out with the basic role of encouraging the affecting of a business sexual relationship with a child,† is a to a great extent unreleased understudy (Song, 1). Consistently, tonnages AT grown-ups venture out ten globe to explicitly misuse youngsters as youthful as 5 years of age, while a lot more discover such chances while going for business or delight (Nair). As indicated by the International Labor Organization, nations, for example, Thailand, India and the Philippians report that 2 †14% of their GDP originates from sex the travel industry and other related fields (Nair). This repulsive industry that incorporates 2 million kids is pervasive in excellent, very much voyaged nations with far reaching destitution (Song, 2). Little youngsters with urgent guardians and absence of instructive open doors are frequently deceived or sold into the sex the travel industry with no thought what anticipates the (Nair). Another significant issue in completion sex the travel industry is the Internet; dealers and pimps can put online profiles of their casualties, while remote sex vacationers can trade areas, stories and tips (Nair). An insignificant Google search turns up terrible data on what anticipates the normal sex vacationer in Thailand; fastidious subtleties depicting the co’s and don’t of the Patty Sex Scene. The site portrays the risks of confiding in the ladies, wearing watches, giving them tips or regarding them as anything short of whore’s, while empowering the audacious sex vacationer to try different things with gabbros and bare shows (so the purchaser â€Å"knows what he’s going to get†) and take additional money to make up for the unavoidable â€Å"sex-crazes† (wry. Mayhap. Com). More profound investigation into the site uncovers subtleties on Soapy Massage Parlors, a Thai Sex Tourism Attraction that includes immense amounts of exceptionally prepared, pre-pubescent young ladies utilizing their bodies to take part in a dreamland of air pockets and sex Wyandotte. Mother). Despite the fact that most sex ventures stay inside a solitary nation o mainland area, the sex the travel industry causes strife among nations and changes the connections that they would somehow or another have had. The whole business corrupts females and kids, manhandles multicultural l imits and proceeds with the pattern of sex lopsided characteristics. In contrast to American and Asian nations, Eastern Europe relies upon guarantees a superior future to draw potential casualties into the sex exchange. It is assessed by European Union Nations that there are more than 500,000 ladies in prostitution in Europe (Kristin). Dealers utilize anecdotal Jobs as models or babysitters in the US to bait young ladies into the framework, as a rule paying their own air toll and surrendering their travel papers. By and large the ladies are then held hostage experiencing significant change nations, for example, Mexico, holding on to be moved into the United States and sold into sex subjugation (Landsman, 2). Prostitution was exceptionally uncommon in the Soviet Union up until around 22 years prior, when the socialist government fell and the nation was thrown into neediness (Landsman, 5). An outcome, numerous young ladies went to the possibilities accessible in the US (Landless 2). In spite of the fact that numerous ladies knew that prostitution could be engaged with the open doors offered, the celebrated thoughts of sales introduced in motion pictures like Pre Women (a best 10 film in the zone) protected reality of a frightful industry (Kristin). When the g

Understanding the Free Rider Problem

Understanding the Free Rider Problem Have you ever been in a situation where you have felt like you pull more than your weight in a project, at work, in your neighborhood or even in your own home?Have you somehow ended up doing (almost) everything while others are slacking off?Imagine this: you are preparing a meal for your family. Everybody is eating the delicious dinner that you made, bought ingredients for, set up the table, and did all the dishes. Everybody enjoys it, but they did nothing to contribute to the experience.Or this other, very well-known scenario to even younger children: There are five of your classmates in your assignment group. You and Tom research and gather information; Kate ends up typing the entire project, but what about Bill and Jane? Jane makes a suggestion every now and then, and Bill says that this assignment is well beyond his knowledge and/or interests, and decides to stay on the sidelines and not help at all.Now, at the end of the day, all five of you get an A from your teacher, regardles s of how much you contributed to the overall success of the project.Do you feel okay about this? How do Bill and Jane feel? Would you do it again in the same way? Would you do it at all or would you take note from Bills handbook?What these examples illustrate is the instinct of all the people, in general, to get as much as they can out of a certain situation with investing as little resources (energy, time, money, and so on) as possible.In the Social and Economic science, it is called the Free Rider Problem.WHO IS A FREE RIDER, AND WHAT IS THE FREE RIDER PROBLEM?A free rider is a person who uses a certain good, resource or service without actually paying for it, or if they are contributing in some way, they are not contributing enough.This leads to the overconsumption or underproduction of that good, which eventually leads to either partial or complete market failure. From our example, we can deduce that both Bill-who does not contribute to the project, and Jane-who contributes rath er insufficiently are free riders in this scenario. The other three Tom, Kate, and you are contributing to the project.On a more global scale, the contribution can be made in several ways, depending on the type of a good or a service that is in question.If you are thinking about services like free healthcare- you can either contribute by paying taxes, donating money or even time, by volunteering, for example. In other cases, such as national defense, all you can do is pay the allocated taxes.The free rider problem happens mostly with public goods like national defense, access to clean air and water, flood protection, free knowledge (public schools, libraries, and online educational content), roads, bridges, sanitation regulations and so on.The problem with Public goods is that they are non-excludable and non-rival. What does that mean?A good is non-excludable if people who do not pay for it cannot be easily prevented from using that particular good.Lets take a look at an example: C lothes are an example of excludable goods because it is easy to prevent people who do not pay for clothes from using them (note: think about purchasing clothes, not donations for the underprivileged).However, national defense is a non-excludable good, since it is hard, no, not hard- it is impossible to prevent people who did not pay taxes for national defense from benefiting from it.They are protected the same way as those members of the society who do pay for national defense.A service or a good is non-rival if when one persons use of the goods does not reduce the ability of another person to use the good.Clothes are a rival good since if one person is using them; another person cannot use those same clothes at the same time.On the other hand, if a person is protected by national defense from, lets say, bombing; that does not prevent other people, even those who do not pay, to benefit from the protection.And, additionally, the people who do pay for it do not get the extra protectio n just because they have paid.Since it is really hard to exclude the non-payers, there is an incentive not to pay and try to free ride.Rational individuals would never want to contribute to the allocation of public goods because a rational individual knows that as soon as they make a payment for it, other people are going to benefit from it.So, then they are thinking: Why should I do that? Surely I would have to let other people pay for it and then I free ride on somebody elses payment.But if everyone decides not to pay and free ride, the public good does not get provided as there are not enough funds to sustain the market.The final consequence in the example of national defense is that there is none and that in the unfortunate case of a war, the country will not have the resources to defend itself and all of its people, regardless of whether they paid for it or not.Because of that, there is a missing market for public goods; private companies do not want to produce them as there is no profit to it.Take street lights, or lighthouses, or bridges, for example, although they are socially desirable by all, they are not provided for willingly. So, who pays for those? Well, the government does.It is interesting to note that the free rider problem occurs as an issue of the mixed economic system (free market economy combined with command economy), which is the newest and most common in this day and age.WHY DO PEOPLE CHOOSE TO FREE RIDE? As we already mentioned and illustrated in the above examples, it seems nonsensical for the people to pay for something if others are going to use it for free.Why would they pay for it if they think that they can benefit from it anyway-somebody else will make that contribution?There are two illustrations that can further explain the free rider problem and the sociological or rather behavioral aspect of it, and those are The Tragedy of the Commons and the Prisoners Dilemma Game.I.  Free Rider Problem and the Tragedy of the Commons With all of our examples, if you decide not to contribute to the public good, you are expressing the innate tendency to reap as many benefits as possible with as little work possible.In such cases, the benefits are larger for you in the short term; however, the consequences for society are far greater in the long term.Those actions are selfish, but people are wired this way- to take care of themselves and disregard the wellbeing of others, and themselves as a part of society as the end result.This is illustrated in grabbing more than your share of resources that should be equally used by all and equally distributed among all the members of the society.“What is common to the greatest number gets the least amount of care.”   Aristotle, PoliticsThe incentive to do what is best for you rather than what is best for everyone is the root cause of something that economists call the Tragedy of the Commons.This term is used to illustrate economic and social situations in which every person has the same access to the same good as any other individual- like street lighting, or a public park, for example.The idea in this theory is that those common goods that everyone has access to are often misused or exploited.It explains most of our environmental problems like air pollution, deforestation, the killing of many endangered species, and overfishing.The term was coined way back in 1833 by William Forster Lloyd, a British economist, who wrote a pamphlet on a hypothetical situation of the British farmers over-consuming the grazing areas by letting more than the allocated number of cows feed on the areas.As a result, the individual benefits were greater in the short term, but the grazing area was eventually destroyed.Garrett Hardin, an ecologist, popularized the term more than a century later by raising attention to overusing natural resources that can cause issues that could be catastrophic in the long run, arguing for the importance of the public good rather than individuals a lone.In many places in the world, there are more fish being pulled out of rivers, lakes, and oceans than the fish that are being born.Now, this is not just bad for the fish, and the entire ecosystem that will suffer if an entire species would be removed from it, but for the fishermen as well. As the resources are depleted, fishermen find themselves without the job.Isnt it more beneficial for more of them to work for a little less profit, but keep their jobs for the rest of their working lives, rather than have larger profit for a short period of time?So why are they not conserving, allowing fish to reproduce and generate more resources for the future?Take a look at the incentives. If a few environmentally conscious fishermen decide to give the fish the time to spawn, then some other fisherman will harvest them instead. If you cannot prevent other people from exploiting the resource, then you have an incentive to exploit it yourself and take as much as you can and as quickly as you c an. But with everyone following that logic, the finite resource gets pillaged.There is an entire subfield of economics that is focused on addressing and solving issues like this, and it is called environmental economics.However, the principles of the Tragedy of the Commons can be successfully used to illustrate the social causes and motivation for free riding.When we take street lightning into consideration, the consequences are not as far-reaching as with destroying entire ecosystems, but lets explain how the Tragedy of Commons applies to this problem.If you pay for the street light you are safe to wonder about your neighborhood at night, knowing that you will be less likely to stumble and fall. But so will your neighbor who did not pay for the street light.If you decide not to pay, and your neighbor still does not pay, you will both have a larger chance of injuring yourselves; it will be harder to notice a potential robber, you will be stressed and potentially develop a health co ndition related to stress.This is just a hypothetical and highly unlikely situation.However, stop and think for a moment how much you would hurt yourself, the others and all future generations by being socially and economically unconscious and selfish, especially when you decide to free ride on issues that are beneficial to all members of society.II.  The Free Rider Problem and the Prisoners Dilemma GameThe Prisoners Dilemma Game is a part of game theory (studies how mathematical models can show the process of rational decision-making).The idea came from Flood and Dresher in 195o and was named and shaped up to what it is today by A.W. Tucker.The main idea behind the game is to show that, given a choice to either cooperate or not cooperate, the majority of rational people opt not to cooperate regardless of how this might not be in their best interest. The original prisoners dilemma game includes two people with a rather short possible sentence with the option to lower the sentence ti me if they cooperate and betray another.If one betrays and the other one does not, the one who betrayed goes free and the other one gets a bigger sentence.So, why does it then happen that in most cases, both prisoners decide not to betray?The dilemma occurs because, from a personal standpoint, it is clear that they can only gain if they are betraying the other, regardless of the fact that the mutual benefit is larger if they both cooperate.This comes as a result of not knowing what the other prisoner would do, and having no control over it.So how does this apply to the free rider problem?We stated that the free rider problem occurs that the public goods, resources or services are divided equally among all the members of the society regardless of how much, or even whether the members of the society pay/contribute to the use of a certain public good.Let us imagine the next scenario:There are two people- Jake and Kim who are thinking about paying for public service. Lets say that the l ocal community has decided to open up a new library, and each of the members of the community is asked to contribute by paying 6$ to help build the library which will be available for everyone to use.The government has taken into account how much money people spend on buying books on average and came to the conclusion that the benefit of a 6$ contribution will be 10$.This is great since the benefit is larger than the cost. How does it happen that each member of the community is motivated to free ride rather than pay the 6$ and enjoy the new library?Let us examine how Jake and Kim rationalize the free riding on this occasion.If both Jake and Kim pay the required amount of money, they will each gain 10$, and the individual net gain is $4, and the complete gain for the society is 20$.If Jake contributes and Kim does not, the total gain is only 10$, and since the public goods are distributed evenly, Kim will get her 5$ in net gain with no contribution whatsoever, while Jake will have th e -1$ net gain since he paid the 6$ cost and gained only 5$. The same process goes for the situation that Kim contributes and Jake does not.If both Jake and Kim decide not to contribute there will be no cost but subsequently no gain either.This is where rationalizing and the incentive to free ride comes to action.Since Jake does not know for sure if Kim will contribute, he is worried that only he would pay for the library which would be available for Kim to use as well, he will lose 1$, and she will gain 5$.Kim is thinking n the same way. Since we assumed that both of them are rational people, they will most surely decide not to contribute at all as it will diminish their chance at a loss, regardless of the benefit they would have if they actually do contribute to the building of the library.If the majority of the people in this hypothetic community thought in this way, there would be insufficient or no funds at all for the government to build the public library so the community wil l be left without one, and possibly spend more money on buying books in the long run, than if they did contribute without thinking about their individual needs that are more beneficial, short term.ARE THERE SOLUTIONS TO THE FREE RIDER PROBLEM?Since most of the public goods are government funded, it is up to the government to find a way to eliminate the free riders.There are several ways in which the government can do that.1. TaxationIf the government finds that the fire department in your community costs X amount of dollars, they should divide the cost to the entire number of the contributing individuals and require them to pay the taxes.In that case, the fire department will be sustained, and everybody will be able to use this public service in the time of need. Since the taxes are mandatory, the free rider problem is eliminated.Both the cost and the benefits are evenly shared among all the members of the community.Sometimes, the need for taxation feels like a punishment to people who initially did not want to pay for a certain good, but it seems like the only certain way to fix the free-riding problem.Again, people are acting on their best individual interest by paying what is required of them and not risking the additional fees if they do not.2. PrivatizationIf a government makes a public good a private one, it addresses the problem of non-excludability.If they put a toll on a bridge, you have to pay to use it, so some funds for more bridges and roads, and repair of the existed ones come through that money. If you do not want to pay the toll, you will have to find another way to travel where you need to.3. DonationsFor public goods that are not as expensive as sanitation infrastructure, roads or national defense and healthcare, soliciting donations may be the way to make up for the free riders.The act of donating small amounts of money to public parks, libraries or museums will not completely eliminate free riders, but it appeals to peoples altruism and mor ale.Those donations can be used books, clothes, canned goods and so on, not just money.FINAL WORDThe free rider problem occurs as a consequence of peoples inherent need to work/pay as little as possible and gain as much as possible.We will always look for what is best for us at the moment, rather than looking at a bigger picture and doing something beneficial for the community whether it be a local animal shelter, a states defense system, or worlds environmental problems.What we should get from this text is that it is in our nature to look for an easy way out and rationalize when we are tempted to free ride, however, it is better to focus on the long term well-being of our entire community, since it is an investment in the future of this world and the generations that are to come.It is up to us to become more socially, economically, and environmentally conscious, and evade our impulse to free ride, and it is up to the government to implement means that will ensure the well-being of all.

Definition of Pogrom

A pogrom is an organized attack upon a population, characterized by looting, destruction of property, rape, and murder. The word is derived from a Russian word meaning to commit mayhem, and it came into the English language to refer specifically to attacks perpetrated by Christians upon Jewish population centers in Russia. The first pogroms occurred in Ukraine in 1881, following the assassination of Czar Alexander II by a revolutionary group, Narodnaya Volya, on March 13, 1881. Rumors circulated that the murder of the Czar had been planned and executed by Jews. At the end of April, 1881, the initial outbreak of violence occurred in the Ukrainian town of Kirovograd (which was then known as Yelizavetgrad). The pogroms quickly spread to about 30 other towns and villages. There were more attacks during that summer, and then the violence subsided. The following winter, pogroms began anew in other areas of Russia, and murders of entire Jewish families were not uncommon. The attackers at times were very organized, even arriving by train to unleash violence. And the local authorities tended to stand aside and let acts of arson, murder, and rape occur without punishment. By the summer of 1882 the Russian government tried to crack down on local governors to stop the violence, and again the pogroms stopped for a time. However, they began again, and in 1883 and 1884 new pogroms occurred. The authorities finally prosecuted a number of rioters and sentenced them to prison, and the first wave of pogroms came to an end. The pogroms of the 1880s had a profound effect, as it encouraged many Russian Jews to leave the country and seek a life in the New World. Immigration to the United States by Russian Jews accelerated, which had an effect on American society, and particularly New York City, which received most of the new immigrants. The poet Emma Lazarus, who had been born in New York City, volunteered to help the Russian Jews fleeing the pogroms in Russia. The experience of Emma Lazarus with the refugees from the pogroms housed at Ward’s Island, the immigration station in New York City, helped inspire her famous poem â€Å"The New Colossus,† which was written in honor of the Statue of Liberty. The poem made the Statue of Liberty a symbol of immigration. Later Pogroms A second wave of pogroms occurred from 1903 to 1906, and a third wave from 1917 to 1921. The pogroms in the early years of the 20th century are generally linked to political unrest in the Russian empire. As a way to suppressing revolutionary sentiment, the government sought to blame Jews for unrest and incite violence against their communities.  Mobs, fomented by a group known as Black Hundreds, attacked Jewish villages, burning houses and causing widespread death and destruction. As part of the campaign to spread chaos and terror, propaganda was published and spread widely. A major component of the disinformation campaign, a notorious text titled  Protocols of the Elders of Zion  was published. The book was a fabricated document which purported to be a legitimate discovered text advancing a plan for Jews to achieve total domination of the world by means of deception. The use of an elaborate forgery to inflame hatred against Jews marked a dangerous new turning point in the use of propaganda. The text helped to create an atmosphere of violence in which thousands died or fled the country. And the use of the fabricated text did not end with the pogroms of 1903-1906. Later anti-Semites, including the American industrialist Henry Ford, spread the book and used it to fuel their own discriminatory practices. The Nazis, of course, made extensive use of propaganda designed to turn the European public against the Jews. Another wave of Russian pogroms took place roughly concurrent with World War I, from 1917 to 1921. The pogroms began as attacks on Jewish villages by deserters from the Russian army, but with the Bolshevik Revolution came new attacks on Jewish population centers. It was estimated that 60,000 Jews may have perished before the violence subsided. The occurrence of pogroms helped propel the concept of Zionism. Young Jews in Europe argued that assimilation into European society was constantly at risk, and the Jews in Europe should begin advocating for a homeland.

The Pennsylvania Interscholastic Athletic Association

The question of whether the Pennsylvania Interscholastic Athletic Association (PIAA) should separate public and private schools into their own divisions has been a topic of discussion for years. As a product of 14 years of Catholic education, I was fortunate enough to be able to participate in athletics during my high school career. Many of the teams that we played were public school teams from small communities where athletics were almost more important than an education. Unfortunately, I have witnessed firsthand the animosity that has surfaced between public and private schools. The PIAA is the governing body of high school sports in the state of Pennsylvania. The PIAA was founded in 1913 and initially included only public schools as members. Parochial and private schools were admitted to the PIAA in the late 1970’s. In 1997, the PA Charter School Act was passed which allowed for the creation of charter schools. The emergence of charter schools, particularly in the Philadelphia area, created even greater animosity between private and public schools. The Philadelphia schools, many of which are charter schools, were not members of the PIAA until 2003. Their athletic success at the state championship level has raised many concerns from the public sector. The primary problem that the PIAA faces today is the dominance of private schools winning the majority of state titles in all sports. Public schools have geographic boundaries that determine the school a student mustShow MoreRelatedPublic Education For Public Schools1477 Words   |  6 Pagesreform with this in mind (Cubberly, 1922; Sobe, 2011). However, as governors and state legislatures look for ways to trim budgets, school districts from coast to coast are challenged to find ways to cut costs (Howley, Johnson, Petrie, 2011). Pennsylvania is among the states currently looking at educational reforms during these tumultuous economic times, just as many school administrators face large budget deficits each year, threatening the notion of a free, equal public education for all. AsRead MorePublic School versus Home School Essay1360 Words   |  6 Pagesactivities, but athletics get the most attention according to the Home School Legal Defense Fund (Brockett, 1995). That is because competitive sports are the one activity families can not easily duplicate as their children reach high school age. The Massachusetts Interscholastic Athletic Association, after three state judges ruled against home schoolers being barred from playing on public high school teams, has initiated a one year open door trial program (Brockett, 1995). A Pennsylvania federal courtRead MoreThe Inequality Of Female And Male Sports3247 Words   |  13 Pagesexcluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any educational program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance† (Anderson). These thirty seven words, known as Title IX, have transformed the athletic community for both males and females over the past forty two years. Many wonder why there is still so much talk about the inequalities of female and male sports even after forty two years of the enactment of Title IX. Violations of this law stillRead Morejesse owen Essay3441 Words   |  14 Pagesteacher in the North failed to understand his southern drawl and put his name down as Jesse. Too modest to correct his teacher, Owens kept the name. Athletic Success as a Teenager Owens enrolled in Clevelands Fairmount Junior High School around 1927 and quickly attracted the attention of a mentor who would prove crucial in his future athletic success. Charles Riley worked at the school as a physical education teacher and track-and-field coach and immediately realized that Owens was a naturally

The Market for Chocolate Cookies Is Comprised of Two Types Free Essays

(a) As the question says the market for chocolate cookies is competitive thus, this complies with the market structure of Perfect Competition where there are a large number of buyers and sellers in the market. The basic characteristics of a Perfect Competition Market structure are that there is perfect knowledge on both sides of the market that is buyers and sellers know what the current market price is and thus, it prevents exploitation of the consumers as producers would not be able to charge unfair prices. This is because each firm produces an insignificant fraction of the total market supply and therefore is unable to affect price, it is for this reason that each firm in perfect competition is known as a price taker. We will write a custom essay sample on The Market for Chocolate Cookies Is Comprised of Two Types or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are no barriers to entry or exit in a perfectly competitive industry and thus, producers can enter or exit the market without any restrictions and thus, without any significant losses. The intersection of demand and supply curves of the industry determines the equilibrium price a typical producer can charge which also become the demand of the firm. Due to this, the producers cannot exploit the consumers by charging a high price and thus, the price is always at the equilibrium. This is because if the producers charge a higher price, the demand for the product becomes zero, because the consumers can always switch to another producer as the good is homogenous. (Anderton, 2000) Since the Firms in Perfect Competition are Price takers so they both take the current market price, ‘Pe’ as shown in the Graph where the Market Demand and Supply intersects and form the Market equilibrium. D0 can be assumed as the Total Demand of Chocolate Cookies in the market and S0 can be assumed as the Total Supply of the Chocolate Cookies in the Market. Not for profit Organisations’ (NPOs) Average Cost (ATCn) is higher than the Average Cost of Profit Making Organisations, that is ATCp, because Not for profit organisations’ (NPOs) employ disabled people and their cost is also high because Profit Making Organisation are making use of Capital Intensive technologies thus, more of their production is automated and they employ fewer workers than the NPOs. Average Cost of the Profit Making Firms (ATCp) is equal to the market Price (Pe) so they are making a â€Å"Normal Profit† just because of higher productivity due to which their cost is reduced. A firm makes a Normal Profit when its total Economic Cost, which is Average Cost in other words, is equal to the price firm is charging. In other words it can be said that the firm is making zero economic profit. A firm makes a supernormal profit when its Average Cost (economic cost) is lower than the price it is charging. The NPOs initially in the Short run are making a loss since their Average Cost (ATCn) is greater than the price (Pe) charged. A profit making firm may also make a supernormal profit but in the short run only, in the long run it can only make a normal profit or a zero economic profit. NPOs will be following a cost minimizing price, marginal cost price. (b)(i) A lump sum tax is a fixed amount that is charged as tax irrespective of a business’s profit, sales revenue or capital. According to Mankiw (2009), A lump sum tax is the most efficient tax possible because the business’s decisions do not alter the tax owed, the tax does not causes any dead weight losses and does not distort any incentives. Since, there is a fixed amount payable as tax so there is no administrative expense of hiring tax lawyers and accountants. Short run is the time period when at least one inputs in the production process is fixed and the rest are variable. Usually in the short run, the variable input is labour and the fixed input is capital. In the short run, it is assumed that producers can only alter production by changing the variable inputs rather than any fixed inputs. In the short run, existing firms do not exit the market. When the government imposes a lump sum tax on the profit making corporations in a perfect competition, it disturbs the market structure of Perfect competition. It challenges the basic theory of Perfect Competition which says no barriers to entry and exit to and from the market. There is no government intervention usually in a perfectly competitive industry since it changes the basic characteristics of the Market Structure. However, after the government decides to impose a tax on the profit making firms only then the Market Structure of the Chocolate Cookies Industry does not remains a ure perfect competition, the Industry has close characteristics with Perfect Competition but cannot be categorised under it just because of the tax imposed. In the short run, the lump-sum tax must only affect the Average cost of the Profit Making firms while all other costs and revenue must be constant if all other factors affecting costs/revenue remain constant. Hence, as shown in the Graph above, The Average cost (ATCp0) of a Profit making firm will increase depending on the amount of tax imposed by the government. In the graph above, the amount of tax has been assumed to be ATCp1-Pe which shows that the firm is making a loss after the ATCp0 shifts to ATCp1. If the market price is less than the Average Variable cost of the profit making firm, that is the firm is operating below its shut down point (Price = Average Variable Cost) then the firm will have to shut down production in the short run until there is a decrease in its average variable cost or an increase in the market price. But if in case, the market price is greater than Average variable cost but lesser than Average total Cost then the firm must continue production in the short run since it is covering its variable costs for now. (Mankiw, 2007) (ii) Long run is a time period when all the factors/inputs involved in the production process are variable. There are no fixed factors in the long run. In the long run firms can exit and enter the market freely. The long run is primarily used to analyze production decisions for a firm and is also used to better understand economies of scale, diseconomies of scale, and long-run market supply. In the long run, there must be a lot of changes in the industry and must also affect the firms in many ways. Like most of the Profit making firms which will be operating below the Shut down point (Price Average Variable Cost) must not have been able to survive and must have exit the market. That must only shrink the market supply of Chocolate cookies, if all other factors affecting supply remain constant. The shrinking of supply will shift the Market Supply Curve (S0) to the left to the new Market Supply curve (S1) which must lead to an increase in the equilibrium market price of the industry to Pe1. The new market price will result in NPOs making a supernormal, normal profit or at least covering more of its loss in the short run but making a normal profit in the long run, depending on the number of exits from the market which should influence the change in market price. The graph below shows NPOs making a supernormal profit (Pe1-ATCn). It shows the Profit making firms also making a normal profit (Pe1 = ATCp1). Again, depending on the number of exits from the market and average costs of the firms, the profit of both the firms must vary. Since the NPOs now can make a Supernormal or at least a normal profit in the long run and will also get donations additionally so they must benefit their workers with all that extra profits earned. Their Disabled workers must earn much more than they were earning before in the short run and before the lump sum tax by the government was imposed. The NPOs may also employ additional workers after earning extra profits. The workers of the Profit making corporation might be worse off in the short run and some workers which will be working in the firms which had to shut down due to higher Average Variable cost than the market price will be fired while others in the long run will be better off comparatively. It will be unfair for the Profit making firms in a way that they produce better quality cookies as compare to NPOs but still NPOs are better off than the Profit Making Organisations in the long run. The consumers of the industry will be worse off in the long run, since they will have to pay a higher price just due to the lump sum tax imposed by the Government to make the NPOs better off in the long run. The tax burden of the Profit making organisations will be totally passed on to the consumers in the long run since they will have to pay the whole tax burden on the producers in the form of price. Word Count: 1531 words without referencing References: Heyne, P. , P. J. Boettke and D. L. Prychitko (2009). Economic Way of Thinking (9th Edition). Mankiw, N. G. (2009). Principles of Economics (5th Edition). Parkin, M. (2007). Economics (8th Edition). How to cite The Market for Chocolate Cookies Is Comprised of Two Types, Essay examples

Communication Skills For Social Workers

Question: Describe about the Communication Skills For Health Workers. Answer: Introduction There is a requirement of the social workers to grasp the sensibility of the tangibly and spiritually retarded individuals with noteworthy complications to validate their necessities and fulfil the demanding situations. The publics suffer from the catastrophe of individual recognition and rational adjustments to express their standpoints against the dominant circumstances. The persons deserve superior attention of communal workforces of Home care who intend to be conscious of the intricacies of harms that source to their hardship. The deserted persons can successfully deal with appropriate system of communication skills and movement of informal and humble language to direct them toward constructive trend. They are valuable affiliates of the communal settings and want vigorous sites to cultivate and exhibit their excitements (Burke et al. 2011). Needs for Confidentiality as per ethical obligation and in what context Michael has been breached Michael has exhibited his disloyal attitude in disseminating the information related to his critical patients who has been suffering from severe discrepancies to share his mental stress. Michael is indicted of breaking the Nursing as well as Midwifery Council rules of Demeanour that opposed the dictums of Privacy, and he breached from end to end. The confidentiality and reliability of the patients ought not to be shared across the social media like Facebook that infringe upon the dictums of ethical and legitimate factors of disruption. The victims deserve the rights to mutually share the complicacies and intricate problems with the nurses and medical attendants to receive constructive advices and recommendations. The individuals from the home have unmistakable attributes of constant activities that will require time to conform. Conformity to self as well as other people is not all that simple to adjust (Burke et al. 2010). They should be drilled and sustained to frame viable working of the psyche and create useful thoughts. The hypothesis has productive effect upon the brains of the clients and the representatives who work here for the advancement and administration to mankind. Understanding the notion and limitation of confidentiality in the health care context The strategy ends up being exceptionally critical in comprehending the mental arena of human beings. The mental equalization is recaptured by method for powerful aptitudes of correspondence that sets the stage to know each other and interface personally to set up the self-character. The loss of hesitance and inventive soul mortifies him or her to be dispirited and debased. The self-regard is shaped out of correspondence and simple trade of thoughts to top off the crevices of common comprehension. The autonomy of thoughts and flexibility of vision takes a man to the flight of up-liftment. There are simple strides of headway towards a reliable and standard future. The trusts and goals effectively satisfied and legitimately kept up. The behavioural notions and limitations are as follows Admire an individuals right to secrecy in all characteristics of their carefulness Be assured that the persons are conversant about exactly how and why facts about their lives are executed and pooled by the persons who will resolve the problems Express gratitude for somebodys right to confidentiality and secrecy lasts after they expire Share essential data with other officials of healthcare and other organisations only after the welfares of longsuffering causes and security with communal shelter supersede the prerequisites for privacy, and Share with publics, about their relations and their protector`s, to the extent that the regulation permits, the facts they need or require to identify about their fitness, maintenance and continuing treatment sympathetically and in the method they may be able to comprehend. Explanation of the role of verbal and non-verbal communication No individual is quite the identical as each other. We can't stack our desires upon others. Everybody have an unmistakable personality and vent to express as well as recognize the opposing explanations that seem together so as to make their situation as baffling. It has become our communal obligation to convey emphatically and write in a beneficial dialect or give directions through reasonable gestures of physical impressions. There are a few persons who can't compose or present their feelings in legitimate English to impart their perspectives to others. They are required to attend unwearyingly to respond to their questions in a sensitive manner. There exists striking differences among the verbal implications with the written skills and aptitudes exhibited by the care users and the personnel associate with the welfare actions. These individuals likewise have a place amid our society and subsequently should not be denied of their communal privileges. Each individual from the home belo ngs to reputable positions and can exhibit their points of view. Appropriate correspondence clears all misconceptions and encourages the way of work that encourages a person to produce the required performance (Glasby, 2012). Analysis and explanation of the importance of the first contact between client and helper The medical consultants, professionals including the nurses and varied type of staffs and workers need to restructure the platform of interactive style to discuss the impending issues of exchange of views. The individuals having difficulties in writing can be treated with modernised versions of technology to have audio-visual phenomena of interaction to enable them to express their pouring of passions and sensitive feelings on identified themes from different domains of subject matter. As essential individuals from the association, it frames the first obligation with respect to representatives and the administration involving different institutes or organizations who source diverse resources, items and hardware, to carry on the as per the requests of the clients (Glasby, 2012). Analysis and explanation of the barriers to effective listening and attending The skill to decide between conflicting impersonations and escaping the dissimilar aggravations in particular case-studies reverberates as undesirable to progress in displaying the manners of the characters. There are definitely weaker facts that outline the drawbacks of interactive mind-set. The practice of Cognitive Dissonance foresees that dissonance may not be suitable to inspire somebody and shape up the level of confidence and in this situation, as the individual will have a habit of avoiding to share information and the reasons that craft dissension. How the struggle arises is fairly laidback to recognise and take up. It possibly will be inevitable in the crammed up situation. The individuals can be disposed to listen and act in infrequent way as soon as they are questioned to converse within an assembly. The principle does not survey any situation and replicates the personnel to be active fabricators in decisive criteria as it sanctions the individuals to develop the sense of balance among discreet system of beliefs and emanate to the conclusions (Scie.org.uk, 2016). Cognitive Dissonance (Source: www.hoddereducation.co.uk, 2014) Explanation of the difference between passive and active listening Along these lines, there causes the implementation of created propensities as wellbeing specialists of advanced attitudes with suitable associations with the individuals concerned demonstrates the characteristics of delicate consideration and connection to them. The backing and regard for their requirements are additionally profited by the intercession of expert contact of group administrations who are intrigued to concentrate on monetary and innovative arrangements of administrations. There are productive ways to deal with complications of dementia and diverse subjects regarding corporeal and psychological variables of the influenced individuals. The human services staff are prejudiced to improve the rational security and superiority to contest the jeopardies of life expectancy to endeavour to confront the troubles intensely with no despondency. They are trained to settle on accurate choices on discreet clashes of issues (Burke et al. 2011). The standards of the hypothesis have been extremely compelling in recognizing the attributes of the internal identity of the representatives and the occupants. The dialect of body and brain contrasts with other individuals and we ought to attempt to acknowledge it. The goals and desires of the workers are likewise satisfied through successful correspondence. The interpersonal connection is huge in setting up a close attachment amid the workers, the inhabitants and staff as likewise showing privileged to the clients of the home. The families, companions and relatives can likewise extend influences to comprehend the psychometric behaviour of victims and perform in understanding to their contemplations and yearnings. There are some sympathisers who need to communicate with these individuals to recognise them and act decidedly to reduce the feelings and sentiments. The comprehension of dialect is a crucial component to build up their states of mind and conduct. Examining the methods of encouraging people to talk Serving the general populace to live with autonomous support and providing the benefits to publicise the healthier approach to augment constructive ideologies Functioning with individuals to impact a productive outcome of the energizing knowledge of quality and enhanced effort of the coordinators to develop their spirit of self-reliance and empowerment Conveying great precaution and computing the effect of beneficial exercises and support of consideration, Structuring and reinforcing management qualities, Guaranteeing the accessibility of the mandatory team, correct practice of capabilities at appropriate situation and duration Giving adequate backing to the knowledge of representatives in optimistic path (Glasby, 2012). The conversational glitches are unravelled by remaining quiet and placid attending to them, ensuring promises of retrieval from embarrassment, replying tenderly, examining their vision and enquiring in addition to assembling the supports apposite for them. The medley of undersized and meek sentences and fashioning friendly associations curtails several difficulties. Our obligations do not upkeep arguments whereas devising strategies for suitable forms of chats and talks, in fact illuminating our feelings and philosophies serve the foremost criteria to provide moral appreciation (www.hoddereducation.co.uk, 2014). Demonstration of the use of open and closed questioning There are some open queries asked to the users such as: Coordinator: How old are you? User: I am 55 years old . Coordinator: what is your main problem? User: I am concerned with my depressed feelings. I forget the present matter, but can recall the incidents of the past. Coordination: We are all trying to assist you to regain your loss of memory. We want you to be active in conversation with others that would help in practicing the verbal skills User: I am getting demoralised. Coordinator: You wont. Nothing has happened to you. You need to be engaged in constructive activities like reading books, listening to interesting music and writing about events you enjoy in the company of others. A few illustrations of closed questions are given below: Q 1: Do you always want to acquire novel food products? Options Response Frequently 10 Regularly 15 Sometimes 8 Not very often 14 Never 12 Occurrence of willingness to acquire novel food products This question was asked to 59-60 people of the care users. Q2. What do you link with the product to describe the following words? Options Responses Qualities (taste, odor, ingredients etc.) 25 Announcements/Publicity 15 Name of the Manufacturing Enterprise 24 Analysing a number of communication events The effect of role play of various strategies of the general public and the country unquestionably has a productive impact upon the intelligences of the individuals and the occupants of the welfare institute of care. There are sure territories of centring thoughts, and emotions for example, Attendant: What is your interim problem? Care user: I cannot properly disclose my emotions and sentiments verbally. Attendant: No problemYou will gradually learn to express. Care User: I am too much worried as I am an introvert person since childhood. Attendant: All persons are not alike. There is nothing to apprehend. Care user: I always have a tendency to live alone as I lost my mother at an early age, and hence I could not share everything with others. My mom was my best friend. Attendant: Lets shake handsWe are friends from now onwards. I also lost my mother few years back. Description of the manner in which messages are imparted The workforce dependably endeavour to support greater technique for correspondence and constructive measures to build up the internal likelihoods of the patrons of home. The practice convoluted head-to-head and personal explorations, online investigations of the general population and networking services, messages and mailing autopsies of people in overall, approach of advanced acquaintances such as Facebook, tweeting information and so forth. There are overpowering reactions and criticisms of the general population who required loads of request for information with respect to the way of administrative acts and working conditions of the prevalent tradition in the functional institute (Burke et al. 2011). Evaluate the effectiveness of the communication processes used The wellbeing and provision of sustenance is evolving. We have individuals with unlike and multifaceted requirements and with sophisticated desires of comfort, care and bolster we can and ought to offer. Conveying all types of imparting administrative impacts make us to cooperate with individuals in settling on decisions concerning their safety and comfort of mind, and encouraging constructive elements of augmentation and backing. There are subsequent improvement of novel and inventive abilities and obligations to facilitate the stream of correspondence (Glasby, 2012). The representatives are prepared to demonstrate more noteworthy admittance to utilization of innovation to take part in particular and latitudinal collaboration. They are involved with an assortment of settings to encourage the financial connection of more prominent interest for consideration and aid. Figure: Effective communication between the health care professional and the recipient of care (Source: Scie.org.uk. 2016) Conclusion There are people with therapeutic, nourishing, expressive, instructive, corporeal desertions who want suitable management and control to derive out of opposing circumstances. It determines the accountability of workforces to highlight the performance of oversight of convinced instructions and purpose that generates certain barricades of discernment amongst diverse outlooks of people. The moral standards of civilisation have given enormous aid and provision to experience investigative effort amid dissimilar queries of disparity and deindustrialization flanked by the groups of persons existing at this juncture. The custom of communication approaches to societal expansion found conductive situation, valuations of hazards and examination of evidences founded on annotations. This endorses material connections to transport a maintainable enhancement of interacting techniques counting facts of movement of data of profiles and edification, upgraded behavioral designs, collective organization , the alignment of media, societal alteration and contribution of persons in civic headway. All this recommends social improvement and preferment of insolences and phonological change. The social interface of the schemers with the grid of supplementary officialdoms can inspire them to travel forward with bold steps to meet the trials of physically and spiritually backward and long-suffering people. We can advance our methods of knowledge-based services and comprehend the sensibility of patients placed to assessment under dissimilar conditions to successfully lead them in appropriate way and study the consequences. The supervisors can also go on social visit to parallel organisations to accumulate more competence and strength in managing the communication problems. References Burke, R. J., Cooper, C. L. and Clarke, S. (2011) Occupational Health and Safety, 2nd ed. England: Gower Publishing, Ltd. Glasby, J. (2012) Understanding Health and Social Care, 2nd ed. London: The Policy Press Scie.org.uk. (2016). The Mental Capacity Act Care Planning - Care planning, involvement and person-centred care. [online] Available at: https://www.scie.org.uk/publications/reports/70-mental-capacity-act-and-care-planning/care_planning.asp [Accessed 20 May 2016]. www.hoddereducation.co.uk About The cognitive dissonance model Available at https://www.hoddereducation.co.uk/getattachment/Subjects/Health-Social-Care[Accessed 20 May 2016].

Battle Of The Wilderness Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Battle Of The Wilderness Essay, Research Paper The Battle of the Wilderness Imagine, wrote a North Carolina officer named W.A. Smith, a great, blue forest containing. . . the worst sort of brush of second-growth trees. . . so thick with little pines and scrub oak, cedar, cornel and other growing common to the state. . . [ that ] one could see hardly 10 gaits ( qtd. in Kennedy 203 ) . This description is of the country known as the Wilderness, where over 135 old ages ago, one of the greatest Civil War conflicts occurred. The Battle of the Wilderness was the beginning of the terminal for the Confederate States of America. The part called the Wilderness is in Spotsylvania County, Virginia, merely 10 stat mis west of Fredericksburg. It is a natural wooded country that is 12 stat mis broad and six stat mis deep along the southern bank of the Rapidan River. The Wilderness was described by Lieutenant Thomas F. Galwey of the 8th Ohio as a wild and formidable brush, so heavy that even at midday twenty-four hours the Sun s visible radiation barely penetrated it ( qtd. We will write a custom essay sample on Battle Of The Wilderness Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page in Trudeau 44 ) . In the early 1700 s, Alexander Spotswood, Virginia s governor during the clip, tried to populate the Wilderness. He brought over German settlers to make so. They cut big sums of lumber from the wood to procure the mine tunnels, plank the roads, and fuel the iron-smelting operations. But when the program failed and the country was abandoned, the forest grew back really rapidly, making a second-growth forest ( Kennedy 203 ) . On May 5 and 6, 1864, two ground forcess, the Army of the Potomac of the Union and the Army of Northern Virginia from the Confederate States of America, engaged in a barbarous conflict known as the Battle of the Wilderness. The conflict included over 160,000 work forces, with around 100,000 coming from the Union and near to 62,000 from the Confederacy ( Wilderness ) . Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant and Major General George G. Meade led the Union s Army of the Potomac, and General Robert E. Lee commanded the Confederacy s Army of Northern Virginia. The Army of the Potomac was commanded by Major General George G. Meade, who received his orders from Lieutenant General Grant. Allow made his central offices in the field with the ground forces to guarantee his orders were followed right. The Union ground forces consisted of three corps and an independent corps commanded by Major General Ambrose Burnside, who outranked Meade and reported straight to Grant ( Graham and Skoch 68 ) . The II Corps was led by Major General Winfield S. Hancock, the V Corps by Major General Gouverneur Warren, and the VI Corps by Major General John Sedgwick. The Army of Northern Virginia, commanded by General Robert E. Lee, consisted of three corps. The First Corps was commanded by Lieutenant General James Longstreet. The Second Corps was commanded by Lieutenant General Richard S. Ewell. The Third Corps was commanded by Lieutenant General A. P. Hill. Part of Grant s expansive program was to travel rapidly to the South through the Wilderness before the Confederates reacted. The Wilderness posed a serious menace of an ambuscade that could do a terrible reverse to the Union s run. Grant knew that a conflict in an unfastened field would be a certain triumph for his ground forces over Lee s out-numbered Army of Northern Virginia ( Trudeau 44 ) . All Grant s army needed was a half-day caput start on Lee s ground forces to cross the Rapidan River and derive the advantage ( Davis 197 ) . Even though he was outnumbered about two to one, Lee possessed a few advantages, chiefly his place South of the Rapidan River. The Army of the Potomac had to traverse this river to acquire to him. Besides, General Lee knew the land better than his oppositions, Grant and Meade. However, his greatest advantage was the impenetrable flora of the Wilderness. Lee believed he could utilize the wood to keep off twice the figure of his work forces ( Davis 197 ) . The Union began its motion into the Wilderness early on May 4, 1864, when it separated into two columns and headed to fords a few stat mis apart, at which they crossed the Rapidan River and entered the Wilderness. The V and VI Corps crossed the river at Germanna Ford Road. Hancock s II Corps and the Union ground forces supply train crossed the river at Ely s Ford to cantonment at near-by Chancellorsville. Grant ordered Burnside to halt buttocks and guard the railway North of Rappahannock Station from Confederate plunderers. After he was across, Grant sent a message to the War Department in Washington. The crossing of the Rapidan effected, he wrote. Forty-eight hours now will show whether the enemy intends giving conflict this side of Richmond ( qtd in Graham and Skoch 68 ) . Besides, after his crossing, Grant learned of Lee s purposes. A Confederate message for Lieutenant General Ewell had been intercepted and translated to We are traveling ( Graham and Skoch 68 ) . Around mid-morning on May 4, Lee learned of the Union motion and without cognizing of Grant s programs, he moved his three corps toward the Wilderness on different paths. Ewell s Second Corps was directed to process on the Orange Turnpike and A. P. Hill s Third Corps to process on the Orange Plank Road, analogue and South of Ewell. Longstreet s First Corps, who was a twenty-four hours behind the other two, was directed to take the Catharpin Road to Todd s Tavern. During the dark, Hancock was ordered to travel his II Corps South to organize the left wing of the Union line. When everyone was in Li ne, the ground forces moved at first visible radiation on May 5. To protect the right wing, Warren sent a division West on the Orange Turnpike. The Union plans to unclutter the Wilderness were so disrupted when Warren s V Corps spotted Ewell s work forces coming toward them. After larning of the Confederate military personnels on the Orange Turnpike, Meade ordered Warren to concentrate his work forces on the turnpike and onslaught every bit shortly as possible. Besides, Meade ordered Sedgwick s VI Corps to the turnpike to guard the right wing. Grant sent orders to concentrate his three corps along a line between the turnpike and Orange Plank Road with great importance put on the Brock Rd.-Orange Plank Rd. intersection. If the Confederates gained this intersection, the II Corps would be cut off from the remainder of the ground forces. The first combat began early in the afternoon on May 5 between Warren s V Corps and Ewell s Second Corps on the Orange Turnpike and in a little glade known as Saunders Field. The contending moved easy south as more units came to the line. The Union Corps had the beginning additions, but they were pushed back by the countermoves of the Confederates. Even after Sedgwicks VI Corps joined Warren s work forces in the late afternoon, no advantages were gained by either side. To the South, A.P. Hill was less successful. A little figure of Union horse delayed Hill s motion east long plenty for a Union division to take over the of import intersection of Orange Plank and Brock roads. Subsequently in the afternoon, Hancock s II Corps arrived and launched an uncoordinated but powerful onslaught that was eventually stopped by the usage of every modesty available to the Confederates. By nightfall, the northern half of the Confederate line was injured but solid, and the southern half was scattered, tired, and ill-prepared for what would come. General Lee did non desire to contend a big conflict with lone two-thirds of his ground forces, so he downplayed the job ( Kennedy 205 ) . Around midnight, he refused A.P. Hill s request to reorganize by giving him the alibi that Longstreet s First Corps would get in clip to take the force per unit area off of his work forces. The forenoon of May 6 came, but Longstreet did non. Allow ordered his ground forces to assail at first visible radiation. The Union onslaughts of the Orange Turnpike were uneffective because of strong Confederate defences. To the South, Union forces saw some success, but it did non last long. Merely when the Confederate right wing appeared defeated, Longstreet s First Corps arrived. Their brutal countermove surprised the Union aggressors and sent them into a deadlock. The strength of Longstreet s reaching was strengthened when Lee, himself, take the counterstriking units across the unfastened Fieldss of the Tapp Farm. The calls of Lee to the rear made this one of the most memorable episodes of conflict ( Kennedy 205 ) . Early on in the eventide, an full-scale Confederate offense raged over both wings of the Union line. The onslaught in the Fieldss along the Orange Plank Road was stopped at the Brock Road line. To the North, Confederate Brigadier General John B. Gordon led his work forces to an assault on the Union right wing. He was successful, but his additions were overseen by nightfall and the involuntariness of the field commanding officer, Major General Jubal Early, to imperativeness forward. Late in the afternoon, Major General Longstreet was hit. He and his work forces were traveling around the Union left flank when shootings came from the forests. The shooting hit Longstreet in his pharynx and went into his shoulder, doing terrible hemorrhage. This hurt took Longstreet off of his bid and into bed for several hebdomads. The heavy combat in the Wilderness costed both ground forcess near to 30,000 casualties. The Army of the Potomac had close to 18,000 casualties, where as the Army of Northern Virginia s casualties were estimated around 11,000. Many wounded soldiers were burned to decease after the prohibitionist underbrush caught on fire and spreaded really rapidly. A northern private wrote that it was a blind and bloody Hunt to the decease, in perplexing brushs, instead than a conflict ( qtd in Kennedy 206 ) . It is estimated that 200 Union work forces died in the fire ( Hansen 511 ) . The Wilderness Battlefield is now portion of the Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania National Military Park. The country is on State Route 3, West of Fredericksburg, Virginia. There are 1,981 estates of this historic battleground within the boundaries of the park, 212 of these are in private owned ( Kennedy 205 ) . During the May 5 and 6 conflict in the Wilderness, about full force of both ground forcess were engaged. With both sides holding heavy losingss, neither could name this a triumph, even though the Battle of the Wilderness marked the beginning of the terminal for the Army of Northern Virginia and for the Confederacy itself. Plants Cited Davis, William C. The Battlefields of the Civil War. New York: Smithmark Publishers, 1991: 195-211. Graham, Martin and George Skoch. Great Battles of the Civil War. New York: Beekman House, n.d. : 66-70. Hansen, Harry. The Civil War A History. New York: Penguin Books, 1961: 505-512. Kennedy, Frances H. , erectile dysfunction. The Civil War Battlefield Guide. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1990: 203-206. Trudeau, Noah Andre. A Atrocious and Frightening Place. Civil War Times May 1999: 43-55. Wilderness. Online. Internet. 5-6-99. Available hypertext transfer protocol: //www2.cr.nps.gov/abpp/battles/va046.htm

Blah, Blah, Blah

Blah, Blah, Blah Blah, Blah, Blah Blah, Blah, Blah By Maeve Maddox Since ancient times, speakers of every language have made up nonsense syllables to indicate contempt for what other people were saying to them. We’ve even inherited the ancient Greek nonsense syllables bar-bar-bar in the word barbarian: The Greek word barbaros meant â€Å"foreign, strange, ignorant.† According to the OnlineEtymology Dictionary, the word barbaros was an onomatopoeic formation echoing the unintelligible speech of a foreigner. The most common nonsense syllable used to represent empty talk in the United States is blah: The earliest OED documentation of blah in the sense of â€Å"meaningless, insincere, or pretentious talk or writing; nonsense, bunkum† is 1918. Blah is usually repeated when the sense is â€Å"empty talk†: When big data is just so much â€Å"blah, blah, blah† Getting Past â€Å"Blah, Blah, Blah† When Talking to Prospects Sometimes a single blah means the same thing: Ive been overwhelmed by the amount of jabber in the world – its a vast cloud of blah. As a plural noun, â€Å"the blahs† are a state of despondency: You’ve got the blahs.   You’re not feeling hopeless, but you’re not feeling good either. As an adjective, blah means â€Å"lethargic, unenthusiastic, listless, or torpid†: What to Do When You Feel Blah About Your Job â€Å"Blah, blah, blah† recently found its way into the news when a political candidate in Oregon blasted a newspaper reporter who demonstrated his lack of interest in what another candidate was saying by writing down â€Å"blah, blah, blah† instead of her actual words. And perhaps the longest sequence to date of this string of nonsense syllables occurs in a television ad in which actor Gary Oldman holds a telephone to his ear and says â€Å"blah blah blah† for five seconds straight. Another set of nonsense syllables is â€Å"yada yada yada.† Variations of this utterance are documented in the OED beginning in 1947. I first heard it on the Jerry Seinfeld show where I understood it to mean â€Å"details too boring to mention.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Incorrect Pronunciations That You Should AvoidThe Four Sounds of the Spelling OU"To Tide You Over"

Minority entrepreneurs and International strategy selection Research Paper

Minority entrepreneurs and International strategy selection - Research Paper Example This means that these minorities have to plan an international strategy for their businesses in their nascent stages. The strategy needs to be planned effectively because the ability of the business to take risks and endure failure is very low and the owner may not be able to recover after a loss. Planning an international strategy for such a small and highly constrained business is extremely difficult and requires caution. Because of the cultural differences, minority entrepreneurs have a different style of management and therefore adopt different strategies that make them different from local entrepreneurs. The advantage of this distinctiveness is that they are better able to reach communities and generate referrals along with community support. The disadvantage is that this different style makes these entrepreneurs lesser at ease as compared to the local entrepreneurs. Minority entrepreneurs face a multitude of problems which decrease their chances of success. It is therefore impe rative that structures are set up that provide support to and encourage this important segment of the society. The problems of such businesses are unique and therefore require a unique solution as well. Entrepreneurs are the life blood of any economy as they operate at the grass root level and penetrate markets that the larger enterprises are unable to reach. Each year, thousands of immigrants leave their homelands and settle in other countries in pursuit of better economic and social conditions. Most of the influx also occurs in the western countries or the developed world where the economies are able to support these incomers and the markets are well developed to allow these small businesses to flourish at such a small scale. Contradictory to common understanding, entrepreneurship does not necessarily involve developing an innovative product, it has various definitions. For such entrepreneurs, it is equivalent to launching their businesses in an international

Exhibition review Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Exhibition review - Research Paper Example The concepts approached by this exhibition were able to define and develop new beliefs and ideologies relating to contemporary issues in society and culture as well as direct relationships to the understanding of these philosophies to the personal associations by artists. The main theme exhibited through these displays was based on the question of modernism, what this meant when coming out of the past trends in art and having an uncertain future in the development of society and art. The display of modern art was then which displayed specific associations and questions about the relationships to modernism as a trend in art and society. The concepts in the modern art exhibit consisted of four main rooms that were based on specific themes and ideologies. This included the concept of â€Å"Born to Concrete,† the â€Å"Heide Exhibit,† Outside Sculpture displays and sculpture and paintings based on the ideology of relief. Each of the projects displayed are based on contemporary issues noted by modern artists and the expectations that are related to and which are associated with this. This is combined with the current ideologies in contemporary art, specifically with artists in their formative or early stages. This combines a specific form of creativity and approaches to expression by the artists being displayed at the modern art exhibit in Melbourne (Short, 15). While this was the main association with the artists, there were also expansions with the thematic material, all which related to the contemporary cultural and social ideologies, while associating with the modern complexities in society. The first display of â€Å"Born to Concrete† shows a combination of poetry with the sculptures, both which work together to create a specific message about the combination of artwork. This avant-garde form is one which works as an intermedium that combines two messages into one. The hybrid form is able to produce an

Re-Crystallization of Boric Acid

Re-Crystallization of Boric Acid The purpose to conduct this lab is recrystallization of solid and then identify the effect on solids purity and yield. Part A: Reactions Table 1. quantitative and qualitative observations of reactions to form boric acid. Mass of borax (g) 10.0558g Appearance of borax White powder Time for solubility of borax (min) 5min Time for boric acid crystals to form (min) 12min Part B: Filtration Table 2. mass of watch glass and filter paper, mass of watch glass, filter paper and wet crystals from filtration and qualitative observations of crystals after filtration. Mass of watch glass1 an filter paper1(g) 33.3364g Mass of wet crystals, watch glass 1,filter paper from filtration(g) 44.6083g Appearance of crystals after filtration Soft, white solid formation. Part C: Re-crystallization Table 3. mass of watch glass and filter paper, mass of watch glass, filter paper ad wet crystals from recrystallization, and qualitative observations of crystals after recrystallization Mass of watch glass2 and filter paper2(g) 25.2834g Mass of watch glass2 ,filter paper2 and recrystallization (g) 28.0524g Appearance of crystals after recrystallization White shiny crystal in solid. Part D: Purity test Table 4.   qualitative observations for the purity test of crystals collected after filtration and recrystallization Observations of test tube 1, containing crystals after filtration, upon reacting with AgNO3 Observations of test tube 2, containing crystals after recrystallization, upon reacting with AgNO3 White precipitates formed cl are present , AgCl formed. Solution is clear, Cl are not present. Table 5. mass of watch glass, filter paper and crystals, and qualitative observations of crystals, after recrystallization and drying. Mass of watch glass 2 + filter paper2+dried crystals from recrystallization (g) 27.4848g Appearance of crystals White solid formation ,shining in appearance . Calculate the wet mass of crystals after the filtration and the recrystallization, and dry mass of crystals after the recrystallization. summarize your results on ONE table (you should have 3 masses recorded in this table) Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction to produce boric acid. Determine which reactants the limiting reagent. Show all of your work. Calculate the theoretical yield of boric acid. show all your work. Calculate the yield of boric acid based on the dry mass of the crystals. Calculate the solubility of boric acid in the water at 250C and 800C using the equations of the best-fit curves that are found in figure 3-2. Explain Why water was an appropriate solvent to use for recrystallization in this lab. Explain the differences observed in the appearance of the crystals after filtration compared to the crystals after recrystallization a) Explain how the purity test is used in this lab to determine the purity of the product (include a balanced chemical equation in your answer). b) based on your observations, are the crystals that you collected following recrystallization  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   pure? Explain your answer. Other than performing the purity test that was performed in this experiment, explain two other methods that can be used to determine the purity of a product. Discuss the percent yield result. Fully explain two reasons (sources of error) for the loss of product during the experiment, including the specific step at which product was lost. Also explain how each of the losses can be minimized. If you recrystallized the crystals again, what would you expect to happen? Explain your answer. If during crystallization the solute fails to crystallize, what can be done to include the crystals to form? Explain two ways to induce crystal formation.

Inflation in the UK Economy Essay -- Economics Money England Essays

Inflation in the UK Economy Before starting to explain inflation it is necessary first to define it. Inflation can be described as a positive rate of growth in the general price level of goods and services. It is measured as a percentage increase over time in a price index such as the GDP deflator or the Retail Price Index. The RPI is a basket of over six hundred different goods and services, weighted according to the percentage of how much household income they take up. There are two measurements of this: the headline rate (includes all the items in the basket) and the underlying rate (RPIX) which excludes mortgage interest payments. It is the RPIX which is used more often in this country, as a feature of the UK when compared to the rest of Europe is a very high proportion of owner/occupier homeowners. This means that many people have mortgages, and as such, changes in interest rates (to control inflation) can artificially raise the headline rate. Causes of Inflation There are two main causes of inflation, 1) Demand Pull Inflation This is where the total demand for goods and services in the economy exceeds the total supply. This happens after excessive growth in aggregate demand, and creates an inflationary gap. Excess demand in the economy drives up prices, and high prices mean that Suppliers want to produce more units of their product in order to make more money. To supply more, they must increase their production capacity, and the easiest way to do this in the short run is to increase the amount of labour they employ. This means that they are paying more wages, so people will have more disposable income, and hence there is more demand in the economy. Demand pull inflation is often monetary in origin: when the money supply grows faster than the ability of the economy to supply goods and services. This concept is explained by the Quantity Theory of Money. The quantity theory of money holds that changes in the general level of prices are directly proportional to changes in the quantity of money. It is obvious though, that merely an increase in the supply would have no effect on prices. The increase must be spent in order for this to happen. This is where velocity of circulation (V) becomes important. If the total amount of all transactions is T, and the total amount of money is... ...sion (ie unemployment) are lagged ? they do not respond until after the damage has been done, and so, in the example of the Lawson Boom, because consumer demand did not respond swiftly to interest rate increases, rates were put up too much, which stifled growth instead of merely slowing it. Some people are now suggesting that the cycle of boom and bust has ended with the advent of e-commerce, as more and more firms employ increasingly fewer people, and are far more responsive to changes in demand. There is some empirical evidence to suggest this as inflation seems to have been fairly constant for the last few years (see appendix 2). However, whether this is due to e-commerce, the Bank of England having semi-autonomous control over interest rates, or some other factor, has yet to be seen. Bibliography Introductory Economics - GF Stanlake Chapter 11 Principles of Economics ? Lipsey and Chrystal Chapters 26- 32 Macroeconomics ? Greenaway and Shaw www.tutor2u.net ? inflation, income and unemployment statistics www.answersleuth.com/numbers/1970.shmtl ? chronology of oil prices www.thebankofengland.co.uk -The Bank of England ? interest rate statistics

Human Rights in North Korea

DIRECTORATE-GENERAL FOR EXTERNAL POLICIES POLICY DEPARTMENT POLICY BRIEFING Human rights in North Korea Abstract The human rights record in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK, or North Korea) has been widely condemned by the international community, including by the EU and the European Parliament. The ascension of the latest ruler of the Kim dynasty, Kim Jong-un, in December 2011 has not brought tangible change. Since the country is practically closed to foreigners, the human rights situation can only be evaluated based on the testimonies of refugees and defectors.Their reports consistently reveal blatant and unrepentant violations of human rights, which aim to elicit the total submission of the country's citizens to the regime and its ideology. While the majority of North Koreans suffer from permanent hunger, those who try to leave the country face harsh punishment upon repatriation. Citizens suspected of being disloyal to the regime and their families are placed, witho ut trial, in prison camps with abhorrent conditions. North Korea is among the countries carrying out the highest numbers of executions in the world.FOR EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT INTERNAL USE ONLY DG EXPO/B/PolDep/Note/2012_265 PE 491. 441 September 2012 EN Policy Department, Directorate-General for External Policies This Policy Briefing was requested by the European Parliament's delegation for relations with Australia and New Zealand. AUTHOR: Anete BANDONE Directorate-General for External Policies of the Union Policy Department WIB 06 M 85 rue Wiertz 60 B-1047 Brussels Feedback to anete. [email  protected] europa. eu is welcome. Editorial Assistant: Pia VANNESTE LINGUISTIC VERSION: Original: ENABOUT THE PUBLISHER: Manuscript completed on 17 September 2012.  © European Union, 2012 Printed inBelgium This Policy Briefing is available on the intranet site of the Directorate-General for External Policies, in the Regions and countries or Policy Areas section. To obtain paper copies, please send a request by e-mail to: [email  protected] europa. eu. DISCLAIMER: Any opinions expressed in this document are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the European Parliament.Reproduction and translation, except for commercial purposes, are authorised, provided the source is acknowledged and provided the publisher is given prior notice and supplied with a copy of the publication. 2 Human rights in North Korea TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Overview Human rights violations International treaties Reactions of the international community Annexes 4 5 10 10 14 3 Policy Department, Directorate-General for External Policies 1. Overview The Democratic People's Republic of Korea is an authoritarian state that emerged after the Second World War and has been ruled by the Kim dynasty ever since.The latest national elections, held in March 2009, were neither free nor fair. North Korea's human rights record is based principally on the testimonies of refugees and defectors. North Korea’s human rights situation is difficult to assess: the access of foreigners to the country is restricted and those who do enter are under close surveillance. North Koreans are not allowed to leave the country, which means that reports are mainly based on the contributions of refugees and defectors.Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) report that North Korea commits blatant human rights violations: arbitrary and indefinite imprisonment, political prison camps, torture, public executions, suppression of workers’ rights, and prohibitions on freedoms of expression, media, movement, association and religion 1 . North Korea's human rights violations have been widely condemned, including by the United Nations General Assembly and Human Rights Council, which have adopted several resolutions.Nevertheless, the North Korean government insists that there are no human rights issues in the country, arguing that its system has bee n chosen by the people: ‘The words â€Å"human rights† sound absolutely nonsensical in the DPRK where the dignity and independent rights of the working masses are fully guaranteed legally and institutionally. ‘ 2 No tangible changes have been seen since Kim Jongun assumed power in December 2011. The ascension of Kim Jong-un after the death of his father Kim Jong-il in December 2012 has hardly changed the grim situation, although Kim Jong-un has spoken about improving people's lives.As recently as December 2011 DPRK authorities issued a statement indicating they would ‘annihilate' up to three generations of a family if a family member fled the country during the 100-day period of mourning following the death of Kim Jong-il Border controls were also intensified 3 . 1 2 US State Department Korean Central News Agency 2012 3 ICNK, Kim Jong Un Tightens Grip along Border , 16 January 2012 4 Human rights in North Korea 2. Human rights violations 2. 1. ExecutionsNort h Korea's criminal code foresees the death penalty for more than 20 crimes, including smuggling and dealing narcotics, stealing state property and counterfeiting currency. The code also allows for arbitrary decisions by the authorities, who can determine ‘the gravest cases' or ‘extremely serious cases' 4 . In 2011 North Korea executed 30 or more people, placing the country among the ranks of those carrying out the greatest number of executions in the world, according to Amnesty International 5 . 2. 2. Torture and ill-treatmentPersons who are accused and arrested are often subjected to torture to enforce obedience and obtain bribes or information, despite the fact that North Korea's criminal code prohibits torture or inhuman treatment. According to Human Rights Watch, common forms of torture include sleep deprivation, beatings with iron rods or sticks, kicking and slapping, and enforced sitting or standing for hours. A study conducted in 2010 found that 60 % of previously imprisoned refugee respondents had witnessed a death due to beating or torture 6 . . 3. Some 200 000 people live in prison camps; incarcerated with their families and without trial. Prison camps According to Amnesty International, around 200 000 prisoners (about 0. 85 % of the population) are held in six large political prison camps (gwalliso). People who are suspected of not being loyal to the regime are sent to these camps without a trial, often with three generations of their family — spouses, children and parents — and mostly without any hope of release.The prisoners may have committed ‘crimes' such as not dusting a portrait of the leader or being Christian 7 . North Korea has never recognised 4 Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in The Democratic People's Republic of Korea 5 Amnesty International, Death Sentences and Executions 2011 6 Human Rights Watch (HRW) World Report 2012 7 The Economist, The gulag behind the goose-steps, 21 April 2012 8 The Situation of Detainees in Gulag System 5 Policy Department, Directorate-General for External Policies that these camps exist.Conditions in the camps approach those of slavery, with starvation and no medical treatment. Prisoners, including children, are forced to work in conditions approaching slavery, e. g. , mining, logging and farming, seven days a week for twelve hours or more per day. They are frequently subjected to torture and kept on the verge of starvation. A defector has described the daily ration as approximately twenty grains of corn per prisoner. Convicts search through cow dung for undigested grain. No medical treatment is provided in the camp.Pregnant women are subjected to forced abortions or forced to give up their babies upon delivery to be murdered or abandoned. 8 . In 2011, Amnesty International said it believed North Korea's prison camps were expanding. The organisation based its findings on satellite pictures 9 ; prison camps can be seen on Google Earth. 2. 4. Food shortages North Korea has been dependent on food aid since famine in the mid1990s. In March 2011, the UN estimated that more than six million vulnerable persons in North Korea needed immediate international food aid 10 .With food shortages reaching more than one million tonnes, the World Food Programme called it the worst famine in a decade. Among the causes are floods, an extremely harsh winter; discriminatory food policies that favour the elite, and the economic mismanagement of a monetary devaluation scheme in November 2009 that wiped out many peoples’ savings. In his February 2012 report, United Nations (UN) Special Rapporteur Marzuki Darusman called on the DPRK government to allocate more resources to agriculture than to its military sector 11 .At the same time, he emphasised that food ‘should never ne used as an instrument of political and economic pressure' (referring to a 1999 General Comment on the right to food by the UN Committee on E conomic, Social and Cultural Rights) 12 . Nevertheless, the U. S. suspended its plans for food aid to North Korea after the announcement of a new rocket launch in March. In June 2012, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Resident Coordinator in Pyongyang, Jerome Sauvage, reported that one in two children in North Korea is stunted due to malnourishment 13 .The year 2013 could be particularly difficult for North Koreans as the 9 Amnesty International, Amnesty International Report Exposes North Korean Gulags, June 2011 10 HRW World Report 2012 11 Report of the Special Rapporteur 2012 12 Report of the Special Rapporteur 2012 13 Reuters, U. N. optimistic on U. S. aid for North Korea, food still a problem, June 2012 6 Human rights in North Korea country may face a new famine due to losses of up to 13 % of its grain harvest this year, according to a recent report by a South Korean official 14 .Losses result from a drought that followed widespread flooding this summer and that ob liged the country to request immediate food assistance. The regime has announced that it has set a goal for 2012 — the centenary of the birth of Kim Il Sung, the first leader of the DPRK — to develop its economy, improve its people's lives and attract foreign investment 15 . In August 2012, the uncle of North Korea's leader Kim Jong-un, Jang songthaek, met China's President Hu Jintao to explore ways to revive North Korea's decimated economy and advance beyond the Marxist economic model 16 .There are also reports of plans for financial reform 17 . 2. 5. Media and internet Kim Jong-II’s death clearly demonstrated how tight the government's grip remains on the media and information: the news was broadcast on North Korean state television only two days later 18 . All sources of media, such as radio and television, are strictly controlled by the government and heavily censored. The contents of national media almost entirely consist of political propaganda and the pro motion of the leaders' personality cults. Internet use is limited to the political elite.Mobile phone access is limited to an internal network (one million users or 4 % of the inhabitants), and international calls can only be made by foreigners and the political elite 19 . Fines for making an international call can be as high as KPW 1 million (about USD 1 100), coupled with one week of detention 20 . North Korea is ranked second-to-last out of 179 countries in the World Press Freedom Index, before Eritrea 21 . 2. 6. Freedom of expression The government regularly evaluates its citizens' loyalty to the regime with the help of a large network of informants.Persons considered subversive are punished; disloyal inhabitants of Pyongyang are expulsed from the capital 22 . 14 15 Reuters, Destitute North Korea's grain harvest seen falling sharply, 4 September 2012 CIA World Fact Book 16 Reuters, China's Hu gives show of support for North Korea, 17 August 2012 17 ICNK, The Signs of Financial R eform in North Korea, 28 August 2012 18 Reporters Without Borders: North Korea 19 US State Department 20 Reporters Without Borders: North Korea 21 Reporters Without Borders: World Press Freedom Index 22 HRW World Report 2012 Policy Department, Directorate-General for External Policies 2. 7. Freedom of assembly and association The country's 1992 constitution includes provisions for freedom of assembly and association, although this is not respected in practice. All organisations are created by the government 23 . 2. 8. Freedom of religion The DPRK is officially an atheist state. Autonomous religious activities are almost non existent, although the government sponsors some religious groups to create the illusion of religious freedom 24 .The constitution foresees freedom of religion, while specifying that ‘no one may use religion as a means by which to drag in foreign powers or to destroy the state or social order† 25 . In 2009, the South Korean Investigative Commission on Crime Against Humanity reported on the public execution of a Christian woman accused of distributing the Bible. The Bible is banned in the North 26 . 2. 9. Freedom of movement: refugees Leaving the country without state permission is a crime in North Korea.Those who leave — most often to go to China — face harsh punishment if repatriated. Moreover, as mentioned above, DPRK authorities issued a statement in December 2011 indicating that they would ‘annihilate' up to three generations of a family if a family member fled the country during the 100-day period of mourning for the death of Kim Jong-il 27 . Border controls were also intensified last year 28 . Over the years, up to 400 000 North Koreans have fled the country, and many are living in neighbouring China as illegal immigrants.They are routinely repatriated, despite China's obligation to offer protection to refugees under international law, the Refugee Convention of 1951 and the Convention's 1967 Protocol, to which China is a state party 29 . In March 2012, at least 41 North Korean refugees were forcibly repatriated by the People’s Republic of China (PRC) to the DPRK 30 . In June four of them were executed 31 . Up to 400 000 North Koreans have escaped. Those who are repatriated face harsh punishment. 23 US State Department 2011 Human Rights Reports: Democratic People's Republic of Korea 24 25 CIA World Fact BookMinority Rights Group International: North Korea Overview 26 BBC, North Korea ‘executes Christians' , July 2009 27 European Parliament Resolution, 25 May 2012 28 Report of the Special Rapporteur 2012 29 HRW World Report 2012 30 UN Human Rights Council 31 ICNK, North Korea executes 4 defectors sent back from China 8 Human rights in North Korea 2. 10. Labour rights North Korea is one of the few countries that have not joined the International Labour Organisation (ILO). The ruling Korean Workers’ Party controls the only authorised trade union organisation, the Ge neral Federation of Trade Unions of Korea 32 . 2. 11. Minority rightsThere is no specific provision regarding the protection of minorities in North Korean legislation. North Korea is one of the world's most homogeneous countries in linguistic and ethnic terms: almost all 23 million inhabitants are ethnic Koreans whose ancestors have been living there for thousands of years. There is only one, very small Chinese minority of around 50 000. 33 2. 12. Rights of disabled people Although North Korea participated in the 2012 Paralympics in London, there have been reports in the past of disabled newborns being killed and of disabled people being sent to special camps and banned from the capital 34 .A 2003 law stipulates equal access for disabled persons to public services but has not been implemented. 35 2. 13. Abductions In the past, the DPRK has been involved in the abduction of foreign citizens, mainly South Korean and Japanese individuals. More than 500 persons have reportedly been kidn apped. However, no progress has been made with investigations into such abductions or the release of abductees since 2002, when two Japanese nationals were returned to Japan 36 . The DPRK had promised to reopen the investigation into the cases of suspected abductions of Japanese nationals in 2008 37 . . 14. Rule of law And independent judiciary and individual rights do not exist in North Korea, although, according to the country's constitution, courts are independent 32 33 HRW Report 2012 Minority Rights Group International: North Korea Overview 34 ICNK, Disability, the Paralympics, and Ji Seong Ho, 30 August 2012 35 US State Department 2011 Human Rights Reports: Democratic People's Republic of Korea 36 Report of the Special Rapporteur 2012 37 US State Department 2011 Human Rights Reports: Democratic People's Republic of Korea 9Policy Department, Directorate-General for External Policies and judicial proceedings must strictly follow the law. 3. International treaties North Korea is party to four international human rights treaties: ? ? ? ? the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). 4. Reactions of the international community 4. 1. UNIn March 2012 a UN Human Rights Council adopted a resolution expressing concerns about the ‘ grave, widespread and systematic human rights abuses human rights violations' in North Korea. The resolution deplored the refusal of the government to ‘allow [the Special Rapporteur on human rights] access to the country† 38 . For the first time, North Korea’s allies in the Council (including China and Russia) did not call for a vote, but instead allowed the resolution to pass by consensus 39 . This sort of resolution has, in the past, had little impact on North Korea.When a previou s resolution on human rights condemned the situation in the North, the country's state news agency, the Korean Central News Agency, ran the following response: As already reported, the ‘resolution on human rights' against the DPRK was railroaded through the 60th UN General Assembly due to the pressure and the lobbying operation of the U. S. , Britain, Japan and other hostile forces. The â€Å"resolution† is peppered with lies and fabrications defaming the advantageous Korean-style socialist system centred on the popular masses.That was why it failed to get the approval of many member nations at the general assembly as it was a controversial one which clearly indicated the politicization of the human rights issue, selectivity and double standards 40 . In March 2012, a UN resolution about human rights in North Korea was passed by consensus. 38 39 Report of the Human Rights Council on its nineteenth session, unedited version HRW, UN Human Rights Council: North Korea Condem nation Goes Unopposed , 23 March 2012 40 Korean Central News Agency 2005 10 Human rights in North KoreaDespite the efforts of the UN the Secretary-General and the Special Rapporteur, the DPRK ‘continues to be late in reporting to the treaty bodies or uncooperative with the special procedures' 41 . There have, however, been some signs of cooperation with other UN bodies, including the World Food Programme (WFP), the United Nations Children's Fund, the World Health Organisation and the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. In October 2011, the UN's Emergency Relief Coordinator visited the DPRK to assess the humanitarian situation 42 .In July 2012, a UN mission was granted access to the country to evaluate the damage caused by the floods. 43 In 2013, Special Rapporteur Darusman, is due to report to the Human Rights Council. North Korea will prepare its next periodic review for the same time 44 . There are small signs that the country is beginning to cooperate with some UN bodies. 4. 2. ICNK The International Coalition to Stop Crimes against Humanity in North Korea (ICNK), established in September 2011, is the first international coalition that brings together human rights organisations from around the world 45 .Some 40 organisations have joined the coalition. On April 2012 the ICNK submitted a petition to the special procedures of the United Nation Human Rights Council calling for the UN to help shut down North Korea’s vast gulag system. 46 Delegates of the ICNK met Members of the European Parliament and EU officials in Brussels on 7 June 2012 to persuade them to support the establishment of a UN commission of inquiry into human rights abuses in North Korea. 4. 3. Six-party talksThe ‘six-party talks', which include China, the United States, North and South Korea, Japan and Russia, are aimed at ending North Korea's nuclear program through a negotiating process. Although human rights are not one of the topics of discussion for the talks, the Special Rapporteur believes that progress in these negotiations will assist discussions on other issues, such as the human rights situation 47 . Six-party negotiations have not taken place since December 2008. 41 42Report of the Special Rapporteur 2012 Report of the Special Rapporteur 2012 43 UN to assess North Korea floods as more rain falls 44 Report of the Special Rapporteur 2012 45 The International Coalition to Stop Crimes against Humanity in North Korea (ICNK) 46 ICNK press relase, 3 April 2012 47 Report of the Special Rapporteur 2012 11 Policy Department, Directorate-General for External Policies 4. 4. The EU and its Member States engage in regular political dialogue with North Korea, including through the UN. European Union The EU conducts regular political dialogues with the DPRK.The European Union established diplomatic relations with the DPRK in May 2001, and the majority of EU Member States have diplomatic relations with the DPRK. These contacts provide an opp ortunity to discuss human rights. The EU has also regularly raised the issue of the North Korean human rights situation in discussions at UN bodies. Since 1995, the EU has been involved in various assistance programmes and cooperation activities with the DPRK. Since then, over EUR 366 million in aid has been provided in the form of food aid, medical, water and sanitation assistance and agricultural support 48 .The EU supports, however, the Special Rapporteur's ‘call to rectify flaws in production, distribution and trading systems and to stop the misallocation of resources for military purposes' 49 . A Country Strategy Paper was adopted in March 2002, but its implementation has been suspended. There are currently no plans for a new Country Strategy Paper or for development cooperation, although this remains open for the future 50 . As part of the interactive dialogue with the Special Rapporteur, the EU has encouraged ‘the DPRK’s new eadership to use its next univer sal periodic review in 2014 as an opportunity to enhance its dialogue with the international community and to provide undisclosed information of its criminal code', including subsequent revisions and addendums 51 . The EU is also involved in a number of assistance programmes. EEAS: North Korea EEAS, HRC19 – Interactive dialogues on Syria, Iran, Burma/Myanmar, North Korea , 12 March 2012 50 EEAS: North Korea 51 EEAS, HRC19 – Interactive dialogues on Syria, Iran, Burma/Myanmar, North Korea 49 48 12 Human rights in North Korea 4. . 1 European Parliament The European Parliament has adopted several resolutions on North Korea, the latest in May 2012 concerning the forced repatriation of North Korean refugees in China 52 . In July 2010, the Parliament called on the EU ‘to appoint an EU special representative on the DPRK to ensure persistent attention and coordination' 53 . Following the death of Kim Jong-il, Parliament's former President Jerzy Buzek issued a statement c alling on the North Korean authorities ‘to make concrete and tangible steps towards improving human rights conditions'.He called ‘on the authorities to allow inspection of all types of detention facilities by independent international experts and to allow UN Special Rapporteurs to visit the country'. He also urged the country ‘to engage constructively in human rights dialogues with the EU' 54 . A public hearing organised by the Parliament's Subcommittee on Human Rights took place in May 2012 with the participation of a former prisoner, the brother of a Japanese abductee and the US Special Envoy Robert King. 52European Parliament resolution of 24 May 2012 on the situation of North Korean refugees 53 European Parliament resolution of 8 July 2010 on North Korea 54 Buzek on the death of Kim Jong-il, 19 December 2011 13 Policy Department, Directorate-General for External Policies 5. Annexes Figure 1: Map of North Korea Source: United Nations Table 1: Data Basic informat ion on North Korea Population Capital Life expectancy 24 589 122 (July 2012 est. ) Pyongyang 66 years for men, 72 years for women (UN) 14